Overview

Lesson Procedure

70-70 minutes of class time across 5 phases.

1. Warm-Up10 minutes
2. Direct Instruction20 minutes
3. Guided Practice15 minutes
4. Independent Practice20 minutes
5. Closure5 minutes

1. Warm-Up10 minutes

   Warm-Up Prompt

   "A post in the class group chat says: 'Half the school is out sick this week.' Before you repeat it, what would you want to know, and where would you look to check it?"

   List answers in two columns: what the claim needs (a count, a date, who counted) and where to check (the attendance office, a teacher, the nurse). Point out that students just did three things with evidence: they analyzed a claim, reflected on how it made them feel and planned research. WHST.9-10.9 asks for all three in history and science writing.

   Introduce Source 1. Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) was a Navy Office official in London who kept a private diary in shorthand. In 1665 an epidemic of bubonic plague, later called the Great Plague of London, spread through the city. Terms: a Bill of Mortality was the weekly printed count of burials, reported parish by parish by the parish clerks; the City was the old walled center of London; a red cross painted on a door marked a house shut up because someone inside had the plague. Read Source 1 aloud. Ask: What does Pepys see, and what does he count?

   17th. [...] This day, much against my will, I did in Drury Lane see two or three houses marked with a red cross upon the doors, and "Lord have mercy upon us" writ there; which was a sad sight to me, being the first of the kind that, to my remembrance, I ever saw. It put me into an ill conception of myself and my smell, so that I was forced to buy some roll-tobacco to smell to and chaw, which took away the apprehension.

   [...]

   215th. [...] The towne grows very sickly, and people to be afeard of it; there dying this last week of the plague 112, from 43 the week before, whereof but [one] in Fanchurch-streete, and one in Broad-streete, by the Treasurer's office.

   [...]

   329th. [...] This end of the towne every day grows very bad of the plague. The Mortality Bill is come to 267; [...] which is about ninety more than the last: and of these but four in the City, which is a great blessing to us. [...]

   [...]

   430th. Up betimes and to my business of settling my house and papers, and then abroad and met with Hadley, our clerke, who, upon my asking how the plague goes, he told me it encreases much, and much in our parish; for, says he, there died nine this week, though I have returned but six: which is a very ill practice, and makes me think it is so in other places; and therefore the plague much greater than people take it to be. [...] But, Lord! how every body's looks, and discourse in the street is of death, and nothing else, and few people going up and down, that the towne is like a place distressed and forsaken. [...]

   531st. Up and, after putting several things in order to my removal, to Woolwich; the plague having a great encrease this week, beyond all expectation of almost 2,000, making the general Bill 7,000, odd 100; and the plague above 6,000. [...] Thus this month ends with great sadness upon the publick, through the greatness of the plague every where through the kingdom almost. Every day sadder and sadder news of its encrease. In the City died this week 7,496 and of them 6,102 of the plague. But it is feared that the true number of the dead, this week is near 10,000; partly from the poor that cannot be taken notice of, through the greatness of the number, and partly from the Quakers and others that will not have any bell ring for them. [...]

2. Direct Instruction20 minutes

   WHST.9-10.9 asks students to draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection and research. The evidence moves are the same for each purpose: choose the exact words, quote them, cite the paragraph, and say who wrote them, when and how the writer knew (the date and origin of the information). What changes is the job the evidence does:

   • Analysis: the evidence proves a claim about the text or the topic, and a sentence of explanation follows every quotation.
   • Reflection: the evidence anchors a thoughtful response: what the source made you notice, question or connect.
   • Research: the evidence raises or answers a research question, and it shows what the source cannot tell you and where to look next.

   Model one of each with Source 1.

   • Analysis: an epidemic speeding up

     Claim: Over the summer, Pepys's entries show not only more deaths but a faster rise. Evidence: on June 29 the Bill is "about ninety more than the last" (Source 1, paragraph 3); on August 31 the plague has "a great encrease this week, beyond all expectation of almost 2,000" (paragraph 5).

     Result: Analysis: a weekly rise of about ninety in late June has become a weekly rise of almost 2,000 by the end of August, and "beyond all expectation" shows that even people who followed the Bills were surprised. Written up: "Pepys's week-to-week comparisons show an epidemic that was speeding up, not just spreading."

   • Reflection: what the street talk adds

     Evidence: "every body's looks, and discourse in the street is of death, and nothing else, and few people going up and down, that the towne is like a place distressed and forsaken" (Source 1, paragraph 4).

     Result: Reflection: "Numbers tell me how many died, but this sentence tells me what it was like to walk outside: people read each other's faces for news. It made me think about how quiet a crowded city must have become, and it is a detail no weekly count could record." The reflection still quotes and cites; it just uses the evidence to think, not to prove.

   • Research: turning a doubt into a question

     Evidence: Pepys's parish clerk tells him "there died nine this week, though I have returned but six" (Source 1, paragraph 4). The editor's note in Source 2, written more than 200 years later, gives yearly totals "According to the Bills of Mortality."

     Result: Research question: How complete were the Bills of Mortality in 1665? The clerk's words show one parish reporting fewer deaths than it counted, and Source 2's totals come from those same Bills, so a researcher would treat them with care. Next step: a modern history of the Great Plague, or a library copy of the printed Bills, to see how historians estimate the missing deaths.

   Read Source 2, the editor's note that Wheatley's edition (1893-1899) prints in the middle of Pepys's June 29 entry. Ask: How is this source different from Source 1 in date and origin? (It was written in the 1890s from the printed Bills, not by someone who lived through the plague.) Diagram 1 draws its weekly figures to scale. Then read Text A, a model paragraph. Have students mark the claim, each quotation with its citation, the analysis sentences and the one sentence that reflects.

   1[According to the Bills of Mortality, the total number of deaths in London for the week ending June 27th was 684, of which number 267 were deaths from the plague. The number of deaths rose week by week until September 19th, when the total was 8,297, and the deaths from the plague 7,165. On September 26th the total had fallen to 6,460, and deaths from the plague to 5,533 The number fell gradually, week by week, till October 31st, when the total was 1,388, and deaths from the plague 1,031. On November 7th there was a rise to 1,787 and 1,414 respectively. On November 14th the numbers had gone down to 1,359 and 1,050 respectively. On December 12th the total had fallen to 442, and deaths from the plague to 243. On December 19th there was a rise to 525 and 281 respectively. The total of burials in 1665 was 97,506, of which number the plague claimed 68,596 victims.]

   1[1] Pepys's entries show his fear of the plague turning, over one summer, from a private worry into a decision to leave. [2] In early June the sight of marked houses makes him anxious about his own body: it "put me into an ill conception of myself and my smell," and he buys "roll-tobacco to smell to and chaw" (Source 1, paragraph 1). [3] A remedy he can carry in his pocket suggests that he still believes he can stay in London and protect himself. [4] By the end of August his entries turn to arrangements: he begins a day "settling my house and papers" (paragraph 4), and the next day he is "putting several things in order to my removal, to Woolwich" (paragraph 5), a town down the Thames. [5] The shift from tobacco to packing shows a careful man concluding that the city itself has become the danger. [6] Reading these entries, I noticed how ordinary the words are: Pepys never writes that he is terrified, yet his errands say it for him.

3. Guided Practice15 minutes

   Now apply the same moves to science writing, attending to the precise details of an explanation. Source 3 is from a paper by Joseph Lister (1827-1912), a professor of surgery at Glasgow, who first gave it as an address in 1867. Terms to know: suppuration is the forming of pus; decomposition and putrefaction mean rotting; a compound fracture is a broken bone that has come through the skin; septic means causing rot or infection; carbolic acid (phenol) was a strong disinfectant; amputation is cutting off a limb. Read Source 3 in pairs, one paragraph each, and underline every claim Lister makes.

   1In the course of an extended investigation into the nature of inflammation, and the healthy and morbid conditions of the blood in relation to it, I arrived several years ago at the conclusion that the essential cause of suppuration in wounds is decomposition brought about by the influence of the atmosphere upon blood or serum retained within them, and, in the case of contused wounds, upon portions of tissue destroyed by the violence of the injury.

   2To prevent the occurrence of suppuration with all its attendant risks was an object manifestly desirable, but till lately apparently unattainable, since it seemed hopeless to attempt to exclude the oxygen which was universally regarded as the agent by which putrefaction was effected. But when it had been shown by the researches of Pasteur that the septic properties of the atmosphere depended not on the oxygen, or any gaseous constituent, but on minute organisms suspended in it, which owed their energy to their vitality, it occurred to me that decomposition in the injured part might be avoided without excluding the air, by applying as a dressing some material capable of destroying the life of the floating particles. Upon this principle I have based a practice of which I will now attempt to give a short account.

   3The material which I have employed is carbolic or phenic acid, a volatile organic compound, which appears to exercise a peculiarly destructive influence upon low forms of life, and hence is the most powerful antiseptic with which we are at present acquainted.

   4The first class of cases to which I applied it was that of compound fractures, in which the effects of decomposition in the injured part were especially striking and pernicious. The results have been such as to establish conclusively the great principle that all local inflammatory mischief and general febrile disturbances which follow severe injuries are due to the irritating and poisonous influence of decomposing blood or sloughs. For these evils are entirely avoided by the antiseptic treatment, so that limbs which would otherwise be unhesitatingly condemned to amputation may be retained, with confidence of the best results.

   5In conducting the treatment, the first object must be the destruction of any septic germs which may have been introduced into the wounds, either at the moment of the accident or during the time which has since elapsed. [...] We are thus enabled to employ the antiseptic treatment efficiently at a period after the occurrence of the injury at which it would otherwise probably fail. Thus I have now under my care, in Glasgow Infirmary, a boy who was admitted with compound fracture of the leg as late as eight and one-half hours after the accident, in whom, nevertheless, all local and constitutional disturbance was avoided by means of carbolic acid, and the bones were soundly united five weeks after his admission. [...]

   • Precise details: why compound fractures came first

     Lister chose compound fractures because in them "the effects of decomposition in the injured part were especially striking and pernicious," and because with his treatment "limbs which would otherwise be unhesitatingly condemned to amputation may be retained" (Source 3, paragraph 4).

     Result: Written as analysis: "Lister tested his method where rotting did the most visible harm and where the stakes were highest, a limb or an amputation, so a success would be hard to miss." The detail matters: the choice of cases is part of the evidence.

   • Evaluation: how far one case can carry "conclusively"

     Lister says his results "establish conclusively the great principle" behind the method (Source 3, paragraph 4). The one patient Source 3 describes is a boy whose "bones were soundly united five weeks after his admission" (paragraph 5).

     Result: The case is relevant and the outcome is clear, but it is one patient, and Source 3 gives no count of cases treated or of failures. On the evidence ladder in Diagram 2 it stands on rung 1. Written up: "Lister's single detailed case shows the method can work; it cannot, by itself, establish a principle 'conclusively.'"

   Pairs fill in the evidence chart for Source 3. In the last column they write strong, partial or weak, with one reason.

   Evidence chart for Source 3 (pairs fill in the blank cells)

   Claim in Source 3	Evidence Lister gives	Kind of evidence (case, count, experiment, another scientist's work, none)	How far does it support the claim?
   Suppuration comes from decomposition in the wound (paragraph 1)
   Tiny living things in the air cause the decomposition, not oxygen (paragraph 2)
   Carbolic acid is the strongest antiseptic known (paragraph 3)
   Antiseptic treatment prevents the harm that follows severe injuries (paragraph 4)

   Row 4 is modeled in the second example above, and Quiz Question 9 checks row 2, so that answer is in the quiz key. Discuss: which row rests on another scientist's work, and what would a reader need to know about that work?

4. Independent Practice20 minutes

   Read Source 4, the last two paragraphs of Lister's paper. Terms: pyaemia was a blood infection that spread abscesses through the body; hospital gangrene was an infection that destroyed flesh around a wound; erysipelas is a skin infection. Then read Text B, a weak first draft about Sources 3 and 4.

   For each numbered sentence of Text B, students name the problem, choosing from: NC (no claim: only a summary), FQ (floating quotation: no introduction, citation or explanation), MR (misreads the source), ST (stretch: a conclusion far broader than the evidence) and OT (off target: the evidence does not support the point). Some sentences have two. Then they rewrite the draft as a paragraph of 120-180 words that makes a claim about how well Lister supports his conclusion in Source 4, quotes both sources with citations, and ends with one sentence of reflection.

   Key for the teacher: [1] NC; [2] FQ; [3] MR (Lister says "at present acquainted"); [6] MR and OT (Lister calls simple fractures "of little interest either for myself or the students"). Quiz Questions 14 and 19 check sentences [4] and [5], so those answers are in the quiz key.

   The quiz uses Sources 1-4 and Texts A and B. Paragraph numbers match the numbers beside each source.

   1There is, however, one point more that I cannot but advert to, viz., the influence of this mode of treatment upon the general healthiness of an hospital. Previously to its introduction the two large wards in which most of my cases of accident and of operation are treated were among the unhealthiest in the whole surgical division of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, in consequence apparently of those wards being unfavorably placed with reference to the supply of fresh air; and I have felt ashamed when recording the results of my practice, to have so often to allude to hospital gangrene or pyaemia. It was interesting, though melancholy, to observe that whenever all or nearly all the beds contained cases with open sores, these grievous complications were pretty sure to show themselves; so that I came to welcome simple fractures, though in themselves of little interest either for myself or the students, because their presence diminished the proportion of open sores among the patients. But since the antiseptic treatment has been brought into full operation, and wounds and abscesses no longer poison the atmosphere with putrid exhalations, my wards, though in other respects under precisely the same circumstances as before, have completely changed their character; so that during the last nine months not a single instance of pysemia, hospital gangrene, or erysipelas has occurred in them.

   2As there appears to be no doubt regarding the cause of this change, the importance of the fact can hardly be exaggerated.

   1[1] Joseph Lister was a surgeon in Glasgow who wrote a paper about using carbolic acid on wounds in 1867. [2] "The material which I have employed is carbolic or phenic acid." [3] Lister says that carbolic acid is the strongest antiseptic that will ever exist (Source 3, paragraph 3). [4] Lister's wards had no deaths at all for nine months (Source 4, paragraph 1). [5] This proves that carbolic acid would end infection in every hospital in the world. [6] Lister also welcomed simple fractures because students found them interesting, so his evidence is strong.

5. Closure5 minutes

   Exit ticket: (1) Write one sentence of analysis and one of reflection about the same quotation from Source 1 or Source 3, and label each. (2) Write one research question that Source 4 raises and cannot answer.

   Hand out the homework sources below: Pepys's entries for September and October 1665 (Source 5) and Lister's account of a boy's injured arm (Source 6).

   Teacher notes: (1) The sources describe death and serious wounds plainly; preview Source 6 before assigning it. (2) Pepys's full diary includes frank entries about his private life. The excerpts here leave those out; preview any other entries before assigning them, and expect students who search the diary online to find them. (3) The excerpts contain no slurs. Their older spellings ("towne," "encrease") are Pepys's own, and the misprints "pysemia" (Source 4) and "I. therefore," (Source 6) are the eBook's; each text's source note says so. (4) Carbolic acid (phenol) is toxic and burns skin; this lesson has no demonstration with it. (5) Homework Problem 2 asks students to check Source 5 against Source 2. The two do not agree on every point, and Pepys's own arithmetic can be tested; the printed weekly Bills are the record that would settle such questions.

   13rd (Lord's day). Up; and put on my coloured silk suit very fine, and my new periwigg, bought a good while since, but durst not wear, because the plague was in Westminster when I bought it; and it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done, as to periwiggs, for nobody will dare to buy any haire, for fear of the infection, that it had been cut off of the heads of people dead of the plague. [...]

   [...]

   27th. Up by 5 of the clock, mighty full of fear of an ague, but was obliged to go, and so by water, wrapping myself up warm, to the Tower, and there sent for the Weekely Bill, and find 8,252 dead in all, and of them 6,878 of the plague; which is a most dreadfull number, and shows reason to fear that the plague hath got that hold that it will yet continue among us. [...]

   [...]

   314th. [...] The hearing of this good news to such excess, after so great a despair of my Lord's doing anything this year; adding to that, the decrease of 500 and more, which is the first decrease we have yet had in the sickness since it begun: and great hopes that the next week it will be greater. Then, on the other side, my finding that though the Bill in general is abated, yet the City within the walls is encreased, and likely to continue so, and is close to our house there. [...]

   [...]

   420th. [...] But, Lord! what a sad time it is to see no boats upon the River; and grass grows all up and down White Hall court, and nobody but poor wretches in the streets! And, which is worst of all, the Duke showed us the number of the plague this week, brought in the last night from the Lord Mayor; that it is encreased about 600 more than the last, which is quite contrary to all our hopes and expectations, from the coldness of the late season. For the whole general number is 8,297, and of them the plague 7,165; which is more in the whole by above 50, than the biggest Bill yet; which is very grievous to us all. [...]

   [...]

   516th. [...] Thence I walked to the Tower; but, Lord! how empty the streets are and melancholy, so many poor sick people in the streets full of sores; and so many sad stories overheard as I walk, every body talking of this dead, and that man sick, and so many in this place, and so many in that. And they tell me that, in Westminster, there is never a physician and but one apothecary left, all being dead; but that there are great hopes of a great decrease this week: God send it! [...]

   1I left behind me in Glasgow a boy, thirteen years of age, who, between three and four weeks previously, met with a most severe injury to the left arm, which he got entangled in a machine at a fair. There was a wound six inches long and three inches broad, and the skin was very extensively undermined beyond its limits, while the soft parts were generally so much lacerated that a pair of dressing forceps introduced at the wound and pushed directly inwards appeared beneath the skin at the opposite aspect of the limb. From this wound several tags of muscle were hanging, and among them was One consisting of about three inches of the triceps in almost Its entire thickness; while the lower fragment of the bone, which was broken high up, was protruding four inches and a half, stripped of muscle, the skin being tucked in under it. Without the assistance of the antiseptic treatment, I should certainly have thought of nothing else but amputation at the shoulder-joint; but, as the radial pulse could be felt and the fingers had sensation, I did not hesitate to try to save the limb and adopted the plan of treatment above described, wrapping the arm from the shoulder to below the elbow in the antiseptic application, the whole interior of the wound, together with the protruding bone, having previously been freely treated with strong carbolic acid. About the tenth day, the discharge, which up to that time had been only sanious and serous, showed a slight admixture of slimy pus; and this increased till (a few days before I left) it amounted to about three drachms in twenty-four hours. But the boy continued as he had been after the second day, free from unfavorable symptoms, with pulse, tongue, appetite, and sleep natural and strength increasing, while the limb remained as it had been from the first, free from swelling, redness, or pain. I. therefore, persevered with the antiseptic dressing; and, before I left, the discharge was already somewhat less, while the bone was becoming firm. I think it likely that, in that boy's case, I should have found merely a superficial sore had I taken off all the dressings at the end of the three weeks; though, considering the extent of the injury, I thought it prudent to let the month expire before disturbing the rag next the skin. But I feel sure that, if I had resorted to ordinary dressing when the pus first appeared, the progress of the case would have been exceedingly different.

Differentiation Strategies

Assessment Guidance

1. Question 1 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   In paragraph 1 of Source 1, which words are the best evidence that houses marked for the plague were new to Pepys in early June 1665?

   A"much against my will, I did in Drury Lane see" B"marked with a red cross upon the doors" C"being the first of the kind that, to my remembrance, I ever saw" D"so that I was forced to buy some roll-tobacco to smell to and chaw"

2. Question 2 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   Paragraph 2 of Source 1 reports "this last week of the plague 112, from 43 the week before." About how many times as many plague deaths were there in the later week as in the earlier one?

   AAbout 0.4 times BAbout 2.6 times CAbout 1.6 times DAbout 69 times

3. Question 3 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   On June 29 Pepys writes, "The Mortality Bill is come to 267" (Source 1, paragraph 3). Source 2 says that for the week ending June 27 the total number of deaths was 684, "of which number 267 were deaths from the plague." What does comparing the two sources show?

   APepys's 267 is the plague count, not all deaths, and it matches the Bill BPepys undercounted the week's deaths by 417, so his diary is unreliable CThe editor copied his figure from Pepys's diary instead of from the Bills DOnly 267 people died in London that week, from all causes together

4. Question 4 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   In paragraph 2 of Source 1, the word "one" is in square brackets: "whereof but [one] in Fanchurch-streete." What do the brackets most likely show about this source?

   APepys wanted to stress that only one person died there BThe word is quoted directly from the printed weekly Bill of Mortality CPepys crossed out a different number in his manuscript DThe edition's editors supplied a word missing from the transcription

5. Question 5 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   Which words from paragraph 5 of Source 1 give Pepys's reasons for thinking that the true number of deaths was higher than the Bill showed?

   A"the plague having a great encrease this week, beyond all expectation" B"partly from the poor that cannot be taken notice of, through the greatness of the number" C"Every day sadder and sadder news of its encrease" D"through the greatness of the plague every where through the kingdom almost"

6. Question 6 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   In paragraph 5 of Source 1, Pepys records, "In the City died this week 7,496 and of them 6,102 of the plague." About what percent of that week's recorded deaths were from the plague?

   AAbout 19 percent BAbout 61 percent CAbout 81 percent DAbout 123 percent

7. Question 7 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   Source 2 ends, "The total of burials in 1665 was 97,506, of which number the plague claimed 68,596 victims." A student writes: "According to the Bills, the plague caused about ___ of London's recorded burials in 1665." Which amount belongs in the blank?

   AAbout 70 percent BAbout 30 percent CAbout 41 percent DAbout 142 percent

8. Question 8 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   Which sentence of Text A is reflection rather than analysis?

   ASentence [2], with the quotations about tobacco BSentence [3], about a remedy in his pocket CSentence [5], about the shift to packing DSentence [6], about how ordinary the words are

9. Question 9 of 20 · Multiple Choice

   According to paragraph 2 of Source 3, why did Lister believe he could stop decomposition in a wound without keeping the air away from it?

   AHe had shown that oxygen does no harm once a wound is bandaged BPasteur showed the cause was living particles in the air, which a dressing could kill CCarbolic acid takes the oxygen out of the air that surrounds a wound, so none reaches it DHe had found that wounds left open to the air heal faster

10. Question 10 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    In Source 4, paragraph 1, Lister says his wards were unhealthy "in consequence apparently of those wards being unfavorably placed with reference to the supply of fresh air." What does the word "apparently" tell a careful reader?

    ALister has measured the air supply in each of his wards BLister believes fresh air has nothing to do with infection CLister is offering a likely cause, not one he has proved DLister is repeating another surgeon's opinion of the wards

11. Question 11 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    In paragraph 5 of Source 3, why does Lister point out that the boy was admitted "as late as eight and one-half hours after the accident"?

    AIt shows the acid could still work after germs had time to enter the wound BIt explains why the boy's bones took five weeks to unite CIt shows that the Glasgow Infirmary was slow to admit patients DIt proves that the treatment works on every compound fracture

12. Question 12 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Lister writes that his wards, "though in other respects under precisely the same circumstances as before, have completely changed their character" (Source 4, paragraph 1). Why is the phrase "under precisely the same circumstances" important to his argument?

    AIt shows that his wards had become the healthiest in the hospital BIt shows that simple fractures were common in his wards CIt proves that carbolic acid purifies the air in a hospital DIt tries to rule out other causes, so the change points to his treatment

13. Question 13 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Which finding, if a researcher discovered it, would most weaken Lister's conclusion in Source 4 that the antiseptic treatment caused the change in his wards?

    AA letter showing that Lister's students admired his teaching and his lectures BRecords showing the wards' fresh-air supply was improved in the same months CA report that carbolic acid has a strong and unpleasant smell DA note showing that Lister had read Pasteur's papers before 1867

14. Question 14 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    What is wrong with sentence [4] of Text B?

    AIt quotes Source 4's words but gives no paragraph citation for them BIt is a summary that makes no claim at all CIt misreports Source 4, which says only that three diseases did not occur DIt uses evidence from Source 3 for a claim about Source 4

15. Question 15 of 20 · Short Answer

    Using paragraphs 2 and 5 of Source 1, write a claim about how the size of the epidemic changed between mid-June and the end of August 1665. Support it with one quotation from each paragraph, cited, and a sentence of analysis for each.

    Show model answer

16. Question 16 of 20 · Short Answer

    Paragraph 5 of Source 1 gives both a feeling ("Thus this month ends with great sadness upon the publick") and a count. In two or three sentences, reflect on what each kind of evidence gives a reader of history that the other cannot. Quote each once.

    Show model answer

17. Question 17 of 20 · Short Answer

    In paragraph 5 of Source 1, Pepys gives two totals for the same week: first "the general Bill 7,000, odd 100" and later "In the City died this week 7,496." Explain which figure a history paper should cite and why, and name one kind of source that could settle the question.

    Show model answer

18. Question 18 of 20 · Short Answer

    Lister closes Source 4 with "As there appears to be no doubt regarding the cause of this change, the importance of the fact can hardly be exaggerated" (paragraph 2). In three or four sentences, evaluate how far the evidence in Source 4 supports "no doubt." Quote at least once from paragraph 1.

    Show model answer

19. Question 19 of 20 · Short Answer

    Sentence [5] of Text B reads: "This proves that carbolic acid would end infection in every hospital in the world." Name the problem and rewrite the sentence so that the claim fits the evidence in Source 4, with a quotation and a citation.

    Show model answer

20. Question 20 of 20 · Short Answer

    Lister admits, "I have felt ashamed when recording the results of my practice" (Source 4, paragraph 1). Write two or three sentences reflecting on how this admission affects your trust in the rest of his report.

    Show model answer

These standards connect to WHST.9-10.9: prerequisites to review first, parallel standards at the same level, and next steps that build on it.

Standard text: Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy. © Copyright 2010. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. All rights reserved.