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HSG.CO.D.13Common CoreMathGeometryGrades 9-12

HSG.CO.D.13: Constructing an Equilateral Triangle, Square and Regular Hexagon in a Circle

In plain English: HSG.CO.D.13 is the Common Core geometry standard that asks students to construct an equilateral triangle, a square and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle with compass and straightedge. The key idea is that all radii are congruent, so each construction splits the circle into equal central angles of 120°, 90° or 60°. It is usually taught in high school Geometry.

Construct an equilateral triangle, a square, and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle.

Common Core State Standards for Mathematics · Domain: Congruence (CO) · Cluster: Make geometric constructions
Also written as HSG-CO.D.13 or G-CO.13 · Official standard

01

Lesson Plan

55-60 min

Overview

Students construct the three regular polygons named in the standard inside a given circle, using only a compass and a straightedge, and explain why each construction works. The hexagon comes first because it needs a single compass setting: the radius fits around the circle exactly six times, since the center and two neighboring marks form an equilateral triangle with 60° at the center. Connecting every other mark of the hexagon gives the equilateral triangle, and a diameter with its perpendicular bisector gives the square.

Every construction is paired with a justification. Students name the congruent radii, the central angles (120°, 90° and 60°) and the congruent chords that follow, and they check their drawings by measuring. By the end, students can build each polygon from a blank circle and say which fact makes each side congruent.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

  • Construct a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle by stepping a compass set to the radius around the circle
  • Construct an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle, either from the hexagon marks or from a diameter and one arc
  • Construct a square inscribed in a circle by drawing a diameter and its perpendicular bisector
  • Justify each construction with congruent radii, equal central angles and congruent chords
  • Check a construction by measuring and explain what a mismatch says about the drawing

Prior Knowledge Required

Students should already be comfortable with:

  • Definitions of circle, radius, diameter, chord and perpendicular lines HSG.CO.A.1
  • Basic constructions: copying a segment and constructing a perpendicular bisector HSG.CO.D.12
  • Properties of equilateral and isosceles triangles, and the triangle angle sum 8.G.A.5
  • Properties of rectangles and squares, including their diagonals HSG.CO.C.11
  • The Pythagorean Theorem for checking side lengths 8.G.B.7

Lesson Procedure

55-60 minutes of class time across 5 phases.

  1. Warm-Up10 minutes

    Each student draws a circle with a radius of 5 cm and marks one point on it. Without changing the compass opening, students place the compass point on the mark, swing a short arc across the circle, move to the new crossing and repeat.

    Warm-Up Prompt

    "Keep your compass at the radius of your circle and step it around the circle. How many steps bring you back to the starting mark? Why should the answer be the same for every circle?"

    Collect answers. Careful drawings close up after six steps; drawings that overshoot or fall short usually have a compass that slipped. Ask students to draw the two radii to one pair of neighboring marks and describe the triangle they see. Leave the question "why exactly six?" on the board for Direct Instruction.

  2. Direct Instruction20 minutes

    Vocabulary. A polygon is inscribed in a circle when all of its vertices lie on the circle. A regular polygon has congruent sides and congruent angles. In an inscribed polygon, each side is a chord, and chords with equal central angles are congruent. Model each construction on the board with Diagram 1 and Diagram 2, and write the reason next to each step:

    1. Regular hexagon: set the compass to the radius OA. From A, mark B on the circle; from B, mark C; continue to F. Connect the six marks in order. Reason: OA = OB = AB = r, so triangle OAB is equilateral and angle AOB = 60°. Six 60° central angles fill 360°, so the sixth arc lands back on A and all six chords equal r.
    2. Equilateral triangle from the hexagon: after marking A through F, connect A, C and E. Reason: each side skips one mark, so it spans two 60° central angles. All three central angles are 120°, so the three chords are congruent.
    3. Equilateral triangle from a diameter: draw diameter AD. With the compass at the radius, draw one arc centered at D; it crosses the circle at B and C. Connect A, B and C. Reason: triangles OBD and OCD are equilateral, so angle BOC = 120°, and angles AOB and AOC are each 180° - 60° = 120°.
    4. Square: draw diameter AC, construct its perpendicular bisector (it passes through O), and let it meet the circle at B and D. Connect A, B, C and D. Reason: the diagonals AC and BD are congruent diameters that bisect each other at right angles, so the four central angles are 90° and the four sides are congruent.
    5. Check by measuring: for radius r, the hexagon side is r, the triangle side is r√3 and the square side is r√2. A measured side that is off by more than a millimeter or two points to a slipped compass or a misplaced mark.

    Work through the examples. Before each one ask: "Which segments are radii, and what central angle does each side use?"

    • Regular hexagon

      A circle has radius 4 cm. A student keeps the compass at 4 cm, marks six points around the circle and connects neighbors. Explain why the hexagon is regular and find its perimeter.

      Equation: OA = OB = AB = 4, so each central angle is 60° and 6 · 60° = 360°; each side is 4 cm and the perimeter is 24 cm

    • Equilateral triangle from the hexagon marks

      On the same 4 cm circle, connect every other mark, A, C and E. Find the central angle of each side and the side length.

      Equation: central angle 2 · 60° = 120°; AD is a diameter, so angle ACD = 90° and AC = √(8² - 4²) = 4√3 ≈ 6.93 cm

    • Square from perpendicular diameters

      A circle has radius 5 cm. Diameter AC and its perpendicular bisector BD are drawn, and A, B, C, D are connected. Why is ABCD a square, and how long is each side?

      Equation: OA = OB = OC = OD = 5 and AC ⊥ BD, so the four right triangles at O are congruent; side = √(5² + 5²) = 5√2 ≈ 7.07 cm

    • Equilateral triangle from one arc

      A circle with center O has radius 3 in. Diameter AD is drawn, and an arc centered at D with radius 3 in crosses the circle at B and C. Show that triangle ABC is equilateral.

      Equation: OB = OD = BD = 3, so angle BOD = 60°; likewise angle COD = 60°, so angle BOC = 120° and angles AOB = AOC = 180° - 60° = 120°; equal central angles give AB = BC = CA

    Point out that the hexagon and triangle constructions use one compass setting for the whole drawing, while the square needs a second setting for the perpendicular bisector. In both diagrams every claim rests on the same fact: radii of one circle are congruent.

  3. Guided Practice10-15 minutes

    Pairs draw one circle with a radius of 6 cm and construct all three polygons on it, using different colors. Before measuring, each pair predicts the side lengths: hexagon 6 cm, triangle 6√3 ≈ 10.4 cm, square 6√2 ≈ 8.5 cm. Then they measure and record the difference. Circulate and check three habits: the compass point sits exactly on each new crossing, the marks are connected in order around the circle, and the perpendicular bisector is constructed rather than drawn by eye.

    Guided practice predictions for a 6 cm circle
    PolygonCentral anglePredicted sideMeasured side
    Regular hexagon60°6 cm_____
    Square90°6√2 ≈ 8.5 cm_____
    Equilateral triangle120°6√3 ≈ 10.4 cm_____
  4. Independent Practice10 minutes

    Students work alone on a fresh circle of any size. (a) Construct an inscribed equilateral triangle using the diameter-and-one-arc method, and write the reason each side is congruent. (b) Construct an inscribed square when only the circle and its center are given, with no diameter drawn yet, and explain why the two diameters you draw are perpendicular. (c) Explain in one sentence why the compass must stay at the radius for the whole hexagon construction.

  5. Closure5 minutes

    Exit ticket: "Point P is on circle O. List the construction steps for a regular hexagon inscribed in the circle with one vertex at P, and then say which points you would connect to turn it into an inscribed equilateral triangle. Give one reason the triangle is equilateral." Collect and sort the tickets by whether the reason names the radii or the 120° central angles.

Differentiation Strategies

For Struggling Students

  • Give a circle with the center already marked and a step-by-step card with a small sketch after each step
  • Use a compass with a locking wheel so the radius does not slip during the hexagon construction
  • Let students fold a paper circle in half twice to see the square before they construct it

For Advanced Students

  • Construct a regular dodecagon by bisecting the six central angles of the hexagon, and explain why it is regular
  • Construct an inscribed square when the center of the circle is not given, by first locating the center with two perpendicular bisectors of chords
  • Prove that the side of the inscribed equilateral triangle is √3 times the radius, using the right angle inscribed in a semicircle

Assessment Guidance

What to Look For

Check the drawings for visible construction marks: the six arcs of the hexagon, the two crossing arcs of the perpendicular bisector, and a straightedge line through them. A polygon drawn by eye does not count as a construction, even when it looks right. In written reasons, look for the congruent radii and the central angle of each side (60°, 90° or 120°), not only "it looks equal". When a measured side misses the predicted length, ask students which step could have caused it.

02

Classroom Activities

3 Activities

1

Hexagon and Triangle Construction Relay

20 minPairs

Partners take turns doing one step of the hexagon construction while the other states the reason for it. The finished hexagon then becomes the starting point for the equilateral triangle, so students see that both polygons come from the same six marks.

Procedure

  • Partner 1 draws a circle with a radius of 7 cm, labels the center O and marks a point A on the circle
  • Partners alternate: one steps the compass (still at 7 cm) to the next mark, the other says why the new chord is 7 cm long. Continue until the sixth arc returns to A
  • Label the marks A to F, connect them in order, and measure two sides and one interior angle (sample result: 7 cm and 120°)
  • On the same drawing, connect A, C and E in a second color. Predict the side length (7√3 ≈ 12.1 cm) and measure it

Discussion Questions

  • Why does the sixth step land on A and not somewhere near it?
  • What equilateral triangle is hidden in each step of the construction?
  • Which other points could you connect to get a second inscribed equilateral triangle?

Modification for Distance Learning

Use a free dynamic geometry tool: construct the circle with its radius as a segment, use the compass tool with that segment six times, and drag the original point to show that the hexagon stays regular. Students share a screenshot with one reason written under each step.

2

Two Ways to Make a Square

15 minPairs

Pairs build an inscribed square twice: once with compass and straightedge, and once by folding a paper circle. Comparing the two methods shows that both rely on two perpendicular diameters.

Procedure

  • Compass method: on a circle with a radius of 4.5 cm, draw a diameter AC. Construct its perpendicular bisector with two pairs of crossing arcs, label the new endpoints B and D, and connect A, B, C, D
  • Folding method: cut out a paper circle, fold it in half, then fold it in half again so the first crease lies on itself. Unfold and connect the four crease endpoints
  • For both squares, measure one side and both diagonals. Predicted side: 4.5√2 ≈ 6.4 cm for the compass square
  • Write one sentence for each method explaining why the creases or lines are perpendicular

Discussion Questions

  • If you draw two diameters that are not perpendicular and connect their endpoints, what shape do you get, and why?
  • In the folding method, which fold makes the second crease perpendicular to the first?
  • Why must the perpendicular bisector of a diameter pass through the center of the circle?
3

Justification Card Sort

20 minGroups of 3-4

Groups receive 6 cards, each with one reason. They build all three constructions on one large circle and place each card next to the construction step it justifies. Some cards justify more than one construction.

The 6 Cards

  • Card 1: All radii of a circle are congruent
  • Card 2: A triangle with three congruent sides is equilateral, so each of its angles is 60°
  • Card 3: Chords with congruent central angles are congruent
  • Card 4: The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center
  • Card 5: A quadrilateral whose diagonals are congruent, bisect each other and are perpendicular is a square
  • Card 6: The central angles around the center add up to 360°

Procedure

  • Construct the hexagon, the triangle ACE and the square on one circle with a radius of 8 cm, in three colors
  • Place every card next to at least one step. Record which card or cards justify each polygon
  • Write one complete justification for one polygon of the group's choice, citing card numbers

Challenge Variation

Going further, beyond the standard: bisect each 60° central angle of the hexagon and construct a regular dodecagon. Groups decide which cards still apply and write the central angle of each side (30°).

03

Diagrams & Visual Aids

2 diagrams

Diagram 1: Regular Hexagon and Equilateral Triangle

Step the radius around the circle Connect every other mark A B C D E F O A B C D E F O r r Six arcs of radius r: AB = BC = ... = FA = r Triangle ACE: each side spans 120°, side = r√3
Left: with the compass fixed at the radius r, six arcs step around the circle. Each arc is centered at one mark and passes through the next, so triangle OAB is equilateral and every central angle is 60°. Right: connecting every other mark gives triangle ACE, whose sides each span 120° and measure r√3. Points are computed exactly at 60° intervals.

Diagram 2: Square from a Diameter and Its Perpendicular Bisector

A C B D O Construction steps 1. Draw diameter AC through the center O. 2. With one compass setting larger than OA, draw arcs from A and from C that cross above and below O. 3. The line through the two crossings is the perpendicular bisector of AC: diameter BD. 4. Connect A, B, C and D in order. Why ABCD is a square OA = OB = OC = OD = r (radii), and AC ⊥ BD. The four right triangles at O are congruent (SAS), so AB = BC = CD = DA, and each angle of ABCD is 45° + 45° = 90°. Side = r√2.
Arcs of equal radius centered at A and C cross above and below the center. The line through the crossings is the perpendicular bisector of diameter AC and gives the second diameter BD. The four half-diagonals are radii (tick marks), and the right angle at O makes ABCD a square with side r√2. Drawn to scale with r = 120 units.

04

Homework Assignment

~30 min

HSG.CO.D.13 Homework: Constructing Inscribed Regular Polygons

Directions: Use a compass and straightedge for every construction and leave all construction marks visible. Measure with a centimeter ruler to the nearest tenth, and give a written reason for each construction.

Part 1: Constructions (Problems 1-3)

  1. Draw a circle with a radius of 3.5 cm. Construct a regular hexagon inscribed in it. Measure two sides, give the perimeter you expect, and explain why the compass returns to the starting point after six arcs.
  2. Draw a circle with a radius of 5.5 cm and draw one diameter. Construct an inscribed equilateral triangle using one arc, with the compass at the radius, centered at an endpoint of the diameter. Predict the side length to the nearest tenth, then measure it.
  3. Draw a circle with a radius of 6.5 cm. Construct an inscribed square using a diameter and its perpendicular bisector. Predict the side length to the nearest tenth and measure it. Name the construction you used to make the second diameter.

Part 2: Reasons and Errors (Problems 4-6)

  1. Jordan draws two diameters of a circle that look perpendicular, but he draws the second one by eye, and connects the four endpoints. Explain what kind of quadrilateral he is guaranteed to get, why it might not be a square, and which construction step would fix it.
  2. Regular hexagon PQRSTU is inscribed in a circle with center O and a radius of 10 cm. Find the central angle POQ, the interior angle PQR and the length of PR, and explain why triangle PRT is equilateral.
  3. Marisol tries to construct a regular hexagon in a circle with a radius of 5 cm, but her compass opens to 5.2 cm while she works. Is each central angle she steps off larger or smaller than 60°? Will her sixth arc land before or after the starting point? Explain.

Rubric

CriterionFull Credit (2 pts)Partial Credit (1 pt)No Credit (0 pts)
Construction AccuracyMeasured sides within 0.2 cm of the predictionOne polygon off by more than 0.2 cmPolygons drawn by eye or not closed
Construction MarksAll arcs and lines visible and correctSome marks missingNo construction marks
JustificationNames congruent radii and central angles for each polygonReasons given for some polygonsNo valid reasons
Error AnalysisProblems 4 and 6 identify the cause and the fixCause identified without a fixNo analysis

05

Quiz: 20 Questions

Interactive, with answers

Instructions

Work through the questions in order. Your score updates as you answer, and Reset quiz clears everything so you or your students can try again.

Multiple choice: pick an option to check it. Short answer: write your answer, then reveal the model answer.

0 of 20 answered · 0 correct

  1. Question 1 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    To mark the vertices of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle, what compass opening do you keep for every step?

  2. Question 2 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    In the hexagon construction, why is triangle OAB equilateral, where O is the center and A and B are neighboring marks?

  3. Question 3 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Six marks A, B, C, D, E, F are stepped off in order around a circle for a regular hexagon. Which marks do you connect to get an inscribed equilateral triangle?

  4. Question 4 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    What is the central angle of each side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle?

  5. Question 5 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    What is the central angle of each side of a square inscribed in a circle?

  6. Question 6 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A diameter AC of a circle is drawn. Which construction gives the other two vertices of an inscribed square?

  7. Question 7 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A circle has a radius of 9 cm. How long is each side of the regular hexagon inscribed in it?

  8. Question 8 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A circle has a radius of 10 cm. About how long is each side of the square inscribed in it?

  9. Question 9 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A circle has a radius of 2 in. What is the exact side length of the equilateral triangle inscribed in it?

  10. Question 10 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A student draws two diameters of a circle at an angle of about 70° to each other and connects their four endpoints. Which shape is guaranteed?

  11. Question 11 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    In circle O, diameter AD is drawn, and an arc centered at D with radius OD crosses the circle at B and C. What is angle BOC?

  12. Question 12 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Why does connecting every other vertex of an inscribed regular hexagon produce an equilateral triangle?

  13. Question 13 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A paper circle is folded in half, and then folded in half again so that the first crease lands on itself. When it is unfolded, what do the creases show?

  14. Question 14 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    What is the measure of each interior angle of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle, found from the equilateral triangles of the construction?

  15. Question 15 of 20 · Short Answer

    Write the construction steps for a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle with center O, and give the reason the hexagon is regular.

  16. Question 16 of 20 · Short Answer

    A circle has a radius of 2.5 cm. Find the side lengths of the inscribed equilateral triangle, square and regular hexagon, exactly and to the nearest tenth.

  17. Question 17 of 20 · Short Answer

    Explain why the quadrilateral formed by connecting the endpoints of two perpendicular diameters is a square, and not only a rectangle.

  18. Question 18 of 20 · Short Answer

    A student's hexagon construction does not close: the sixth arc lands a few millimeters past the starting point. What went wrong, and how should the student fix it?

  19. Question 19 of 20 · Short Answer

    Point A is on circle O. Describe how to construct an equilateral triangle with vertex A inscribed in the circle using only one diameter and one arc, and explain why it works.

  20. Question 20 of 20 · Short Answer

    Square WXYZ is inscribed in a circle with a radius of 4 cm. Find the exact side length and the perimeter to the nearest tenth.

0 of 20 answered · 0 correct

06

Frequently Asked Questions

10 Questions

What does HSG.CO.D.13 mean?

HSG.CO.D.13 asks students to construct an equilateral triangle, a square and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle. Inscribed means every vertex lies on the circle. Students build each polygon with construction tools and explain why its sides and angles are congruent.

Is HSG.CO.D.13 taught in Geometry?

Yes, it is usually taught in high school Geometry, in the constructions unit next to HSG.CO.D.12. It often returns in the circles unit, where students use central angles and inscribed angles to explain the same constructions.

Why does the radius fit exactly six times around a circle?

Because each step makes an equilateral triangle with the center. Two radii and one chord equal to the radius form a triangle with three equal sides, so its angle at the center is 60°, and 360° ÷ 60° = 6.

How do you construct an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle?

Step off the six hexagon marks with the compass at the radius and connect every other mark. A shorter method: draw a diameter from the chosen vertex, draw one arc with radius r centered at the far end of the diameter, and connect the two crossings to the chosen vertex. In both methods each side spans a 120° central angle.

How do you construct a square inscribed in a circle?

Draw a diameter, construct its perpendicular bisector, and connect the four points where the two lines meet the circle. The two diameters are congruent, bisect each other and are perpendicular, so the quadrilateral is a square.

Do students have to use a compass and straightedge for HSG.CO.D.13?

Compass and straightedge are the usual tools. The related standard HSG.CO.D.12 also lists string, reflective devices, paper folding and dynamic geometry software, and many teachers accept these methods as long as the student can justify each step. Paper folding is a natural way to make the square.

What mistakes do students make with these constructions?

Common errors include:

  • letting the compass slip during the hexagon, so the sixth arc misses the start
  • drawing the second diameter of the square by eye instead of constructing it
  • connecting neighboring marks instead of every other mark for the triangle
  • erasing construction marks, which removes the evidence of the construction
How is HSG.CO.D.13 usually assessed?

Students may be asked to carry out a construction with visible marks, to put given steps in order, to name the step that makes a figure a square, or to explain why a construction works. Computational items may ask for central angles or for side lengths in terms of the radius.

What is the difference between an inscribed and a circumscribed polygon?

A polygon inscribed in a circle has all its vertices on the circle, so the circle is outside the polygon. A polygon circumscribed about a circle has every side tangent to the circle, so the circle is inside. HSG.CO.D.13 is about inscribed polygons.

How does HSG.CO.D.13 connect to other standards?

It applies the basic constructions of HSG.CO.D.12 and the symmetry of regular polygons from HSG.CO.A.3. The same inscribed polygons appear in HSG.C.A.3, where students construct circles through the vertices of a triangle, and in HSG.GMD.A.1, where polygons with more and more sides are used to argue about the circumference and area of a circle.