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7.G.B.5Common CoreMathGeometryGrade 7

7.G.B.5: Angle Relationships and Equations for Unknown Angles

In plain English: 7.G.B.5 is the Common Core grade 7 math standard that asks students to use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical and adjacent angles to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure. For example, two angles that form a straight line add to 180°, so (4x + 8) + 72 = 180 gives x = 25. Problems often take more than one step.

Use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure.

Common Core State Standards for Mathematics · Domain: Geometry (G) · Cluster: Solve real-life and mathematical problems involving angle measure, area, surface area, and volume.
Also written as 7.G.5 · Official standard

01

Lesson Plan

60-65 min

Overview

Students find unknown angles by reasoning, not by measuring. An angle is formed by two rays (straight paths that start at a point) with a shared endpoint called the vertex, and it is measured in degrees (°). The symbol ∠ABC names the angle whose vertex is the middle letter, B. Four facts do most of the work. Complementary angles add to 90°, the size of a right angle (a square corner), and each one is the complement of the other. Supplementary angles add to 180°, the size of a straight angle (a straight line), and each one is the supplement of the other. Adjacent angles share a vertex and a side and do not overlap, so their measures add up to the measure of the larger angle they make together. When two lines cross, the angles across from each other are vertical angles, and vertical angles are always equal.

Students use these facts to write an equation for an unknown angle and solve it, for example 2x + 34 = 90 for two adjacent angles that make a right angle. Many problems take more than one step: first use one fact to find an angle, then use another fact to reach the one you want. All equations here have the variable on one side only, in the forms from 7.EE.B.4. Figures on quizzes may not be drawn to scale, so students should trust the facts and not a protractor.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

  • Identify supplementary, complementary, vertical and adjacent angles in a figure
  • Explain why vertical angles are equal, using supplementary angles
  • Write an equation for an unknown angle from a fact about angle pairs
  • Solve the equation and find every unknown angle in a figure, using more than one step when needed

Prior Knowledge Required

Students should already be comfortable with:

  • Adding angle measures: when an angle is split into parts, the parts add to the whole 4.MD.C.7
  • Solving equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r 7.EE.B.4
  • Combining like terms (terms with the same variable part), for example 3x + x = 4x 7.EE.A.1
  • Reading a protractor (a tool for measuring angles) and knowing that a right angle is 90° and a straight angle is 180°

Lesson Procedure

60-65 minutes of class time across 5 phases.

  1. Warm-Up5-10 minutes

    Draw a straight line on the board with a ray coming out of a point on it, so the line is split into two angles. Label one of them 130°.

    Warm-Up Prompt

    "A straight line is split into two angles. One is 130°. How big is the other one, without a protractor? How do you know?"

    Students should reason that a straight line makes a 180° angle, so the other angle is 180 - 130 = 50°. Ask a student to write this as an equation with a letter: x + 130 = 180. Then ask: "What if the two angles made a square corner instead?" (They would add to 90°.) Tell students that today they will name these angle pairs and write equations like this one for harder figures.

  2. Direct Instruction20 minutes

    Introduce the four angle words with a quick sketch for each, and keep them on the board:

    Angle pair facts
    PairWhat it meansEquation it gives
    Adjacent anglesShare a vertex and a side, and do not overlapThe parts add to the whole angle
    Complementary anglesTwo angles whose measures add to 90°angle 1 + angle 2 = 90
    Supplementary anglesTwo angles whose measures add to 180°angle 1 + angle 2 = 180
    Vertical anglesAcross from each other where two lines crossangle 1 = angle 2

    Point out that one pair can have two names. Two adjacent angles that form a straight line are both adjacent and supplementary. Complementary or supplementary angles do not have to touch: a 30° angle in one corner of the room and a 60° angle in another are still complementary.

    Why vertical angles are equal. In Diagram 1, the 65° angle and ∠2 form a straight line, so ∠2 = 115°. The angle across from the 65° angle also forms a straight line with ∠2, so it is 180 - 115 = 65° too. The same argument works for any two crossing lines, so vertical angles are always equal.

    Work through the examples. For each one, students say which fact they use before they write the equation.

    • Supplementary adjacent angles

      Two adjacent angles form a straight line. One measures (4x + 8)° and the other measures 72°. Find x and the unknown angle.

      Equation: Angles on a straight line add to 180°: (4x + 8) + 72 = 180, so 4x + 80 = 180, 4x = 100 and x = 25. The angle is 4(25) + 8 = 108°. Check: 108 + 72 = 180.

    • Complementary adjacent angles

      A ray splits a right angle into two adjacent angles of 34° and (2x)°. Find x.

      Equation: The two angles add to 90°: 2x + 34 = 90, so 2x = 56 and x = 28. The unknown angle is 56°. See Diagram 2.

    • Vertical angles

      Two lines cross. One angle measures 65°, and the angle across from it measures (5x - 15)°. Find x and the other two angles.

      Equation: Vertical angles are equal: 5x - 15 = 65, so 5x = 80 and x = 16. Each of the other two angles forms a straight line with the 65° angle, so each is 180 - 65 = 115°. See Diagram 1.

    • Three adjacent angles on a line

      Three adjacent angles form a straight line: 42°, x° and (2x)°. Find each unknown angle.

      Equation: 42 + x + 2x = 180, so 3x + 42 = 180, 3x = 138 and x = 46. The angles are 46° and 92°. Check: 42 + 46 + 92 = 180.

    • Multi-step: supplementary, then vertical

      Two lines cross. ∠1 measures 58°. ∠2 is next to ∠1 on the same line, and ∠3 is across from ∠2 and measures (x + 40)°. Find x.

      Equation: Step 1: ∠1 and ∠2 form a straight line, so ∠2 = 180 - 58 = 122°. Step 2: ∠3 and ∠2 are vertical angles, so x + 40 = 122 and x = 82.

    After Example 5, ask: "Could we find x in one step?" (Yes, because ∠3 and ∠1 also form a straight line: x + 40 + 58 = 180. Both routes give x = 82.) Show students that the order of the facts can change, but the answer stays the same.

  3. Guided Practice15 minutes

    Pairs solve these problems. Partner A names the fact and writes the equation, and Partner B solves and checks it by adding the angles. They switch roles for each problem.

    Guided practice problems with answers
    ProblemAnswer
    Find the complement of a 27° angle. Write an equation first.x + 27 = 90, so x = 63°
    Two adjacent angles form a straight line: (3x)° and (x + 20)°. Find both angles.4x + 20 = 180, x = 40: the angles are 120° and 60°
    Two lines cross. An angle of (2x + 14)° is across from an angle of 86°. Find x.Vertical angles: 2x + 14 = 86, x = 36
    Two rays split a right angle into three adjacent angles: 18°, x° and (2x)°. Find the two unknown angles.3x + 18 = 90, x = 24: the angles are 24° and 48°

    Listen for students who use 180 when the angles make a right angle, and for students who set vertical angles to add to 180 instead of setting them equal. Ask: "Does your answer look right in the picture? Is an angle that looks sharp less than 90°?"

  4. Independent Practice15 minutes

    Students solve six problems on their own. For each one they name the fact, write an equation, solve it and check by adding.

    Independent practice problems with answers
    ProblemAnswer
    Find the supplement of a 47° angle133°
    Find the complement of a 71° angle19°
    Adjacent angles (x + 35)° and 101° form a straight line. Find x.x = 44
    Vertical angles measure (3x - 6)° and 96°. Find x.x = 34
    Complementary angles measure (4x)° and (x + 15)°. Find both angles.x = 15: 60° and 30°
    Three adjacent angles form a straight line: x°, 64° and (x + 20)°. Find the unknown angles.x = 48: 48° and 68°
  5. Closure5 minutes

    Exit ticket: (1) Two lines cross. One angle is (6x)°, and the angle across from it is 84°. Find x and all four angles. (Answer: 6x = 84, so x = 14. The angles are 84°, 96°, 84° and 96°.) (2) In one sentence, explain the difference between complementary and supplementary angles.

Differentiation Strategies

For Struggling Students

  • Give a fact card with a sketch of each pair and the equation it gives (the table from Direct Instruction)
  • Have students shade the angles in a pair with the same color before writing the equation
  • Start with problems that give a number for one angle before moving to two expressions

For Advanced Students

  • Ask students to explain in writing why vertical angles are always equal, for any two crossing lines
  • Give three lines that cross at one point and ask for all six angles when two of them are known
  • Ask students to write their own multi-step angle problem that needs two different facts, and trade with a partner

Assessment Guidance

What to Look For

Check that students name the fact (complementary, supplementary, vertical or adjacent) before writing each equation. Look for 90 in right-angle problems and 180 on straight lines, for vertical angles set equal, not added, and for a check that adds the angles back up. In multi-step problems, students should label the angle they find first.

02

Classroom Activities

3 Activities

1

Angle Pair Card Sort

15 minPairs

Pairs sort 8 cards that each describe a pair of angles. They write every name that fits the pair (a pair can have two names) and, where one angle is missing, find it.

Cards (answer key)

  • C1: A 35° angle and a 55° angle in different parts of a picture (complementary)
  • C2: A 120° angle and a 60° angle that share a side and form a straight line (adjacent and supplementary)
  • C3: Two angles across from each other where two lines cross; one is 75° (vertical: the other is 75°)
  • C4: A 25° angle and a 65° angle that share a side and fill a right angle (adjacent and complementary)
  • C5: A 140° angle and a 40° angle that do not touch (supplementary)
  • C6: A 30° angle and a 50° angle that share a vertex and a side (adjacent only: they make 80°)
  • C7: Two right angles side by side that form a straight line (adjacent and supplementary)
  • C8: Two angles across from each other where two lines cross; one is 110° (vertical: the other is 110°)

Discussion Questions

  • Which cards have two names? What do those pairs have in common?
  • Card C6 shows adjacent angles that are neither complementary nor supplementary. Why?
  • Can two vertical angles ever be adjacent? Explain.

Modification for Distance Learning

Put the 8 cards on a shared slide with four labeled boxes. Pairs drag each card into every box that fits, copying a card when it belongs in two boxes.

2

Fold, Measure, Predict

15 minPairs

Each student folds a sheet of paper twice so that two creases cross, then traces the creases with a pencil to form two crossing lines. Pairs measure the four angles with a protractor and look for the patterns behind the facts.

Procedure

  • Fold the paper once, unfold it, then fold it again so the second crease crosses the first at a slant
  • Trace both creases, then label the four angles ∠1, ∠2, ∠3 and ∠4 going around the crossing point
  • Measure ∠1 only, then predict the other three with the facts before measuring them
  • Record predicted and measured values in a table, and add all four measures

Sample Results (invented)

One student measured ∠1 = 52° and predicted ∠2 = 128°, ∠3 = 52° and ∠4 = 128°. The measured values were 53°, 127°, 52° and 128°, which add to 360°.

Discussion Questions

  • Why might a measured angle be 1° off from the prediction?
  • Which facts did you use to predict ∠2 and ∠3?
  • Why do the four angles always add to 360°?

Challenge Variation

Fold a third crease through the same crossing point. Measure two of the six angles and predict the other four.

3

Street Map Angles

20 minGroups of 3-4

Groups get four cards from an invented town map where streets and paths cross. For each card, they sketch the corner, name the fact, write an equation and solve it.

Map Cards (answer key)

  • M1: Main Street and First Avenue cross, and one corner angle is 68°. Find the other three. (112°, 68° and 112°)
  • M2: A bike path meets straight Main Street, making adjacent angles of (3x + 6)° and 81°. Find x. (3x + 87 = 180, x = 31, so the angle is 99°)
  • M3: A corner lot has a right-angle corner. A path splits it into angles of (x + 12)° and (2x)°. Find both angles. (3x + 12 = 90, x = 26: 38° and 52°)
  • M4: Oak Street and Pine Street cross. An angle of (4x - 20)° is across from an angle of 100°. Find x. (4x - 20 = 100, x = 30)

Discussion Questions

  • Which cards used 180 and which used 90? How could you tell from the map?
  • In M1, which angles did you find with the vertical angle fact, and which with the supplementary fact?

03

Diagrams & Visual Aids

2 diagrams

Diagram 1: Vertical and Adjacent Angles at Two Crossing Lines

Two lines cross: vertical and adjacent angles 65° (5x - 15)° ∠2 ∠4 Vertical angles are across from each other. They are equal: 5x - 15 = 65, so 5x = 80 and x = 16. Adjacent angles share a vertex and a side. Here each pair of neighbors forms a straight line, so they are supplementary (they add to 180°): ∠2 = 180° - 65° = 115° and ∠4 = ∠2. Angles drawn to scale: the shaded angles are 65°, the others 115°.
Two lines cross. The shaded angles are vertical angles, so they are equal: 5x - 15 = 65 gives x = 16. Neighboring angles form a straight line, so each unshaded angle is 180° - 65° = 115°. The lines are drawn at the real angle of 65°.

Diagram 2: Complementary Angles and Adjacent Angles on a Line

Complementary angles (a right angle) 34° (2x)° 34 + 2x = 90, so x = 28 Adjacent angles on a line 42° x° (2x)° 42 + x + 2x = 180, so x = 46
Left: a ray splits a right angle into 34° and (2x)°, so 2x + 34 = 90 and x = 28. Right: two rays split a straight angle into 42°, x° and (2x)°, so 3x + 42 = 180 and x = 46. Every ray is drawn at its real angle.

04

Homework Assignment

~30 min

7.G.B.5 Homework: Finding Unknown Angles

Directions: For each problem, name the fact you use (supplementary, complementary, vertical or adjacent), write an equation, solve it, and check by adding the angles. Figures are described in words, so sketch each one first.

Part 1: Angle Pair Facts (Problems 1-2)

  1. An angle measures 29°. (a) Find its complement. (b) Find its supplement. (c) Explain why the supplement is always 90° more than the complement.
  2. Two adjacent angles form a straight line. One measures (5x + 10)° and the other measures 70°. Write and solve an equation for x, then find the unknown angle.

Part 2: Equations in Figures (Problems 3-4)

  1. Two lines cross. One angle measures (7x - 4)°, and the angle across from it measures 87°. Find x. Then find the angle next to the 87° angle.
  2. A ray splits a right angle into two adjacent angles of (3x + 6)° and 39°. Find x and the unknown angle.

Part 3: Multi-Step Problems (Problems 5-6)

  1. Three adjacent angles form a straight line. They measure (2x)°, (3x)° and 55°. Find x and the two unknown angles.
  2. Two straight roads cross. One of the angles between them is 4 times as large as the angle next to it. Write an equation, then find all four angles where the roads cross.

Rubric

CriterionFull Credit (2 pts)Partial Credit (1 pt)No Credit (0 pts)
Naming the FactCorrect fact named for every problemOne fact missing or wrongFacts missing or wrong in several problems
Writing the EquationEquation matches the fact and the figureEquation has one error, such as 180 for 90No equation, or it does not match
Solving and CheckingCorrect x and angles, with a check by addingCorrect x but an angle missing, or no checkMost answers incorrect

05

Quiz: 20 Questions

Interactive, with answers

Instructions

Figures are described in words and are not drawn to scale, so sketch each one and use the angle facts. Your score updates as you answer, and Reset quiz clears everything so you or your students can try again.

Multiple choice: pick an option to check it. Short answer: write your answer, then reveal the model answer.

0 of 20 answered · 0 correct

  1. Question 1 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Which pair of angle measures is complementary?

  2. Question 2 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Two lines cross. What is always true about a pair of vertical angles?

  3. Question 3 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    ∠PQR and ∠RQS share the vertex Q and the side QR, and they do not overlap. Which word must describe them?

  4. Question 4 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    What is the supplement of a 64° angle?

  5. Question 5 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    What is the complement of a 58° angle?

  6. Question 6 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Two adjacent angles form a straight line. One measures (6x + 12)° and the other measures 78°. Which equation can you use to find x?

  7. Question 7 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Two lines cross. An angle measures (4x - 10)°, and the angle across from it measures 70°. What is x?

  8. Question 8 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A ray splits a right angle into two adjacent angles. One measures (5x)° and the other measures 35°. What is x?

  9. Question 9 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Three adjacent angles form a straight line: 38°, x° and (x + 12)°. What is x?

  10. Question 10 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Two lines cross. ∠1 measures 41°. ∠2 is next to ∠1 on the same line, and ∠3 is across from ∠2. What is the measure of ∠3?

  11. Question 11 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Two lines cross. An angle measures (3x + 15)°, and the angle across from it measures 105°. Which equation can you use to find x?

  12. Question 12 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    A carpenter cuts across the square corner of a board, from the corner point, splitting the 90° corner into two adjacent angles. One angle is 40° and the other is (2x + 4)°. What is x?

  13. Question 13 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Two adjacent angles form a straight line, and one is 3 times as large as the other. What is the smaller angle?

  14. Question 14 of 20 · Multiple Choice

    Which statement is always true?

  15. Question 15 of 20 · Short Answer

    Two complementary angles measure (x + 14)° and (3x)°. Write an equation and find both angles.

  16. Question 16 of 20 · Short Answer

    Two lines cross. One angle measures (2x + 30)°, and the angle next to it measures 114°. Find x and all four angles.

  17. Question 17 of 20 · Short Answer

    Three adjacent angles form a straight line: (x + 10)°, (2x)° and 50°. Find x and the two unknown angles.

  18. Question 18 of 20 · Short Answer

    Two lines cross, and one of the angles is 143°. Explain how to find the other three angles without a protractor, and give their measures.

  19. Question 19 of 20 · Short Answer

    Line AB and line CD cross at point E. Ray EF makes a right angle with line AB, so ∠AEF = 90°. Ray EC lies inside ∠AEF, and ∠CEF = 28°. Find ∠AEC and ∠DEB.

  20. Question 20 of 20 · Short Answer

    Two straight paths cross in a park. One angle between them is 15° more than twice the angle next to it. Find all four angles.

0 of 20 answered · 0 correct

06

Frequently Asked Questions

10 Questions

What does 7.G.B.5 mean?

7.G.B.5 means students use four facts about angle pairs to write and solve equations for unknown angles. Complementary angles add to 90°, supplementary angles add to 180°, vertical angles are equal, and adjacent angles add to the angle they form together. A typical problem gives an angle as an expression such as (4x + 8)° and asks for x, often in more than one step.

What is the difference between complementary and supplementary angles?

Complementary angles add to 90°, and supplementary angles add to 180°. One way to remember: a right angle looks like a corner (90°, complementary), and a straight line is 180° (supplementary). The two angles in a pair do not have to touch.

Why are vertical angles always equal?

Because both of them form a straight line with the same neighboring angle. If two lines cross and one angle is 65°, its neighbor is 180 - 65 = 115°. The angle across from the 65° angle is also next to that 115° angle, so it is 180 - 115 = 65°. The argument works for any angle, so vertical angles are always equal.

What are adjacent angles?

Adjacent angles share a vertex and a side and do not overlap. Their measures add up to the angle they make together. They can be complementary (filling a right angle), supplementary (filling a straight line), or neither, such as a 30° angle and a 50° angle that make 80°.

Is 7.G.B.5 about measuring angles with a protractor?

No. The standard is about reasoning with angle facts and equations. Protractors are useful for exploring the facts, as in the folding activity, but test figures are often not drawn to scale. Students should find the answer from the facts and use the picture only to check that the answer makes sense.

What mistakes do students make on angle relationship problems?

A common mistake is using 180 when the angles fill a right angle, or 90 when they form a straight line. Other frequent errors are adding vertical angles to 180 instead of setting them equal, and stopping at x without finding the angle itself. Asking students to name the fact before writing the equation helps.

What grade is 7.G.B.5, and what comes next?

It is a grade 7 standard in the Geometry domain. In grade 8, students use informal arguments about the angles of triangles and the angles formed when parallel lines are crossed by another line (8.G.A.5). In high school Geometry, students prove that vertical angles are equal and other theorems about lines and angles (HSG.CO.C.9).

Does 7.G.B.5 include equations with the variable on both sides?

No. In grade 7 the equations are simple: the variable appears on one side, as in 2x + 34 = 90 or (4x + 8) + 72 = 180 after combining like terms. Problems such as vertical angles of (3x + 10)° and (5x - 20)° lead to variables on both sides, which students learn in grade 8 (8.EE.C.7).

What does "multi-step" mean in 7.G.B.5?

It means students may need more than one angle fact to reach the answer. For example, when two lines cross and ∠1 is 58°, students first use supplementary angles to find its neighbor, 122°, and then use vertical angles to find the angle across from that neighbor. Writing down each step with the fact it uses keeps the work clear.

How can parents help with 7.G.B.5 at home?

Parents can look for angle pairs in everyday objects. Open scissors show two crossing lines with vertical angles, a street corner shows a right angle, and a door hinge makes supplementary angles with the wall. Ask your child: "If this angle is 40°, what is the one next to it?" and have them explain which fact they used.